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[Music]

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okay so last talk of the day hopefully I

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can end this on a good note or at least

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someone get us out of here as you go

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into the brewery mr. rich mentioned Zach

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Duke I'm part of dr. Amanda Stockton's

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group here and a fourth-year grad

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students and actually what I'm talking

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about today is part of some of the

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research I did starting around my second

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year of grad school and it's really been

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a great journey along the way so far

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because we are a relatively new group

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which means I've had to do a lot of this

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research from the ground up so it's been

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a really educational experience and I'm

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definitely spoiled being at Georgia Tech

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for the astrobiology community because

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just based on today we truly do have a

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wonderful community to share our science

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and to which we can share our science

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which I get to do today and I don't know

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if you've been to the posters outside

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yet but if you may have noticed that

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maybe roughly half of them are from our

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group and I think that tells us two

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things one we're doing some really

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awesome science and two we have most of

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our science is related to astrobiology

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research so realize the perfect

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environment environment for us and cool

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this actually does work so one picture

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would like to show this being an

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astrobiology related talk one one

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picture we always like to show to put

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into perspective how difficult some of

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the analyses can be as a picture of

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Earth taken at Mars by the spirit rover

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and this shows you a few things and

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gives you some design constraints and

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restrictions to build your equipment and

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listed right here everything yet you

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build has to be small energy efficient

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and fully automated and it's it's

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absolutely critical that you meet these

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restrictions based on the equipment you

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selects because NASA is looking for them

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so if you're not meeting these at the

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get-go you're very low chance that

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you're gonna be selecting these missions

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so what we're looking for

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or and what we're designing our

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equipment to be is to fit these

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restrictions in order to get to these

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extreme locations and the outer solar

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system like I showed on the previous

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slide Europa here which is our main

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target of interest and what we're seeing

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is for our systems at least in the one

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in particular what I've been designing

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is micro capillary electrophoresis laser

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and flute induced for licence I'll get

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into that a little bit and a little bit

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but it's a detection technique it's a

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separation and detection technique for

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small molecule organics and the whole

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idea behind that is to go to some of

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these locations that are very far away

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and look for signs of life and in

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particular this is of Mars we're going

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to you're planning on hopefully going to

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Europa this is even further away so it's

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again essential that our equipment can

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meet all these design constraints and

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constraints

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why Europa many of you probably seen

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these pictures before but if you take a

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look at this picture on the left you see

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all these dark spots we have sent

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equipment out here in the past to look

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at these recurring slope lineae and what

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we've seen is that it's giving evidence

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of global tidal heating underneath the

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icy crust so for one thing it's an icy

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surface so this is great news for us

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because life as we know it on earth

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needs water to survive so this is a

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great starting point if there's water on

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the surface that could possibly mean

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that there are components for a life

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mixture and to that is giving us

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evidence of subsurface ocean underneath

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this icy crust and again on earth here

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we see these hydrothermal vent systems

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at the bottom of the ocean so it gives

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us a great opportunity or at least

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possibility of finding life at these

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locations

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another critical aspects about Europa

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surface when you're looking at these

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dark spots is what we can actually

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determine is in them so we have sense so

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this is the Galileo's near infrared

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mapping spectrometer or NIMS mapped out

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the surface of these dark spots on the

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Sun Europa and what they found is after

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some modelling that there are these

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magnesium sulfate and sodium carbonate

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hydrated salts and so we can know what

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the

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just water but we don't know what else

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is in it is in those materials so

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ideally we want to go there and since we

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know what we're what type of ionic

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content is in there we can plan for our

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experiments that we eventually will send

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there and look for more indicators of

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life and this is actually perfect for

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some of our other previously designed

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concepts one in particular is an

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impactor type mission that we've been

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contemplating and trying to design some

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optical equipment for another critical

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aspect about Europa is more recently

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discovered its South Pole these

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transient water vapors that again can

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suggest other materials

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besides these salts salt magnesium salts

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and this like and if anybody here is

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heard of Enceladus

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but this is a similar situation of

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Enceladus where we can more easily just

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fly through these plumes at the South

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Pole and collect our samples so it's a

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little more simple to design and equip a

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piece of equipment to fly through these

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plumes

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around the planet or around the the moon

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instead of just crashing into it or

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landing on the surface it simplifies

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your design a bit so this is really a

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more ideal situation but before you can

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just send all of this technology that's

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really small and miniaturized and

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perfect for your situation out to these

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outer solar system places you need to

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make sure that it works here first NASA

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really is never going to let you just

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send whatever you want to wherever you

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want they need to know that it's working

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here first and you really have to

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everything everything down down pat way

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ahead of the game so what I ended up

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having to do my first year having to do

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I actually really enjoyed it is calling

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a bunch of companies getting them to

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send me quote some materials waiting for

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those but buying the materials waiting

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for those materials to come in and then

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putting a bunch of pieces together to

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make an optical equipment as an in lab

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analog or model system for to compare to

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later design miniaturized designs of our

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detection system and what that ends up

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looking like

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when you model out all these components

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these commercially available components

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is this so I will go ahead and go

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through some of the more important

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components of this system to explain

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what how laser how it works and what

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what components are really the core

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essentials to miniaturizing the system

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so first page engineer give a laser that

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comes out here it shines in through your

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two lens tubes here and it hits this

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this cube in the middle and one design

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consideration that I really wanted to

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make sure was critical to this modular

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benchtop system is this cube in the

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middle here which contains your entire

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filter system for your your laser light

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in your fluorescence light you have

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what's in here a bandpass and a long

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pass filter and a dichroic which

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separates your florescent light from

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your laser light making it so for when

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your laser light hits your sample up

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here and your fluorescence is collected

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back down you don't have your detector

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your detector isn't drowned out regular

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light so this is a really critical

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component to the laser optics system and

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what's nice about this it's a magnetic

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cube so if you ever need to change out

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your laser or look and use a different

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floor for or if you're looking for

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different molecules you can easily just

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take this out switch the components and

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put it back in and then you're done so

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this is a very it's a good design

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consideration when when building modular

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systems in lab so this is the optical

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system so this is what this is what it

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looks like when you just look for

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components online and you put them

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together in a CAD model what does it

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look like in real life when you actually

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get these components and put it together

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it looks like this it's the same thing

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which you know for me was not that easy

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because a lot of times when you get

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these components they don't work or they

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don't fit together right so you have to

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kind of pick and play and pick and

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choose and make sure and actually

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finalize and get into work and I'm

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pretty sure and Karen McKee here can

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relate to that

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you just had to deal with all these

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systems before but so this is what ends

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up looking like this is the final

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product it's working and I get to

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present you rope it so the title was

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rope analogues and I had a few different

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expect

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it's to do for this one but this

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specific system is using micro device

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that we designed it doesn't have

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automation which is as I mentioned

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before a critical aspect to future

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mission selections by NASA I'm just

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using a straight channel separations

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technique it's micro capillary

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electrophoresis and all it is is it

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induces a current in your capillary

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channel to generate an electro osmotic

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flow based on the stacking of your

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channel and it will move analytes down

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your channel toward your detector so you

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can select for them and identify them

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Schiphol for that really everyone got

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that but essentially you get you have an

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injection and then you change your

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currents to send your analytes down your

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detector

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simply stated what we're looking for so

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we're doing a little more simple design

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here we're looking at just amines and

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amino acids and for this we use pacific

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blue dye it's very well established for

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these types of these types of reactions

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so i'm using it because it's easy and

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it's in a 35 minute buffer at pH 9 and

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this is critical because the reaction

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will not go if the pH is too low and

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that's why I'm testing these sorts of

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sorts of analogs because as I said on

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Europa we're seeing these sulfuric acid

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basically sulfuric acid on their surface

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and these magnesium salts which can pose

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challenges to running your reactions if

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you're not in a buffered system so it's

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very important that you I didn't you

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optimize your reaction before sending

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everything out there so first I had to

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do a limiter detection of certain

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molecules just to confirm that my system

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was working and as you can see here you

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get an electropherogram so it's a

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fluorescent signal versus time so like I

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said as you're you do your injection and

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then as your your analyte goes down your

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detector you get a peak and then it

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drops back down you another peak and

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drops back down and we can identify this

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the Peaks based on standards and for

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here I have alanine and glycine so two

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basic amino acids going down the Tector

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going down your channel hitting the

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detector and then we have our pacific

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blue Peaks as our selectors for

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normalizing the

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to electropherograms and what I ended up

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finding is that the LOD for my system is

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falling within the range of previously

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built and constructed system modular

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systems in lab that are some of our

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collaborators have constructed in the

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past so I went ahead and ran some of

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these analog samples started first with

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sulfuric acid sample because I figure

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that's probably going to be one of the

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harder ones at least before I get to

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magnesium and what I end up seeing is I

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was right and it takes a lot of

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delusions and or before you can actually

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get a good separation so you know this

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is a terrible terrible terrible terrible

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and then finally after ten rounds of

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dilution I see I finally see a peak this

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is expected because the software gasset

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is lowering the pH of the reaction so

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I'm not actually getting a reaction but

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one thing I can do before that is just

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keep diluting it and diluting it and

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diluting it before reaction and then

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eventually I'll start seeing more and

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more Peaks over time and really that's

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all we want to see here is Peaks which

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identify organic molecules in our

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mixture do the same thing for carbonic

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acid solution this is a weaker acid so

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everything went perfectly well and there

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are no problems all the peaks showed up

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and specifically could identify valine

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serine Ali and glycine you can do as

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many as you want you can select for

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whatever organic molecules these ones

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are just really easy standards to use

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for a model system one important thing

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to note is the signal-to-noise ratio of

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your mixtures at the ends you could kind

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of see I had quantified before what

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happens over time when you start doing

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dilutions your signal goes up and then

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levels out really all you want to do is

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get to the point where your signal goes

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up because you're essentially any

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dilution an ideal dilution is not

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necessary because any signal is good

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signal when you're looking for signs of

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life somewhere in the out words in the

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other solar system so once we get that

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signal we just inject our standards into

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it quantify it and we know it's there

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and I don't want to I will say any

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signal is good to know I'll leave a

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caveat to that as long as you can show

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it reproducibly because you don't want

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to get into the situation where you show

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one result but can never show it again

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who can create some very fishy scenarios

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in the scientific community so you got

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to make sure that you can actually prove

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your data we have so some of the

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accomplishments in future directions I

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show that the system is working and that

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these some of the early analogs that

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we're testing are showing us promise for

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future experiments and future

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experiments like using magnesium salts

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and perchlorates that's the magnesium

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salts are going to be a little more of a

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challenge because they will one one

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critical aspects about using doing micro

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seee

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is electro osmotic flow and you need a

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flow for your detector in order to

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actually get a separation we have some

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more future projects going on one is

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automating our device another one is ice

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impact particles so we have other

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collaborators doing research in which

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we're impacting ice particles into a

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foil disc to simulate a plume extraction

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and then we have miniaturized optics

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which we're testing I don't like to